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Application Note Determination of Sodium in Biodiesel by Flame Atomic Return to All Applications ​ This method allows the analyte to be pre-concentrated in the final solution, decreases the volume of strong acid used in the dissolution stage and does not use organic solvents. Procedure The sample of biodiesel is weighed into a crucible and placed in a heating muffle furnace. Two temperatures are used in the heating program for the dry decomposition: the first temperature (250ºC) is maintained for 1 hour to dry the sample. After this the temperature is progressively elevated to 600ºC and maintained for 4 hours to eliminate the remaining organic material. After cooling, the resulting inorganic residue is dissolved in a nitric acid solution (1.0% v/v). The resulting solution is transferred to a 100ml volumetric flask, and diluted to volume with dilute nitric acid (1.0% v/v). The LOD (limit of detection) for this method is given as 1.3 μg g-1 sodium and the LOQ (limit of quantitation) is 4.3 μg g-1 sodium. Preparation of Standard Graph Set the flame photometer in accordance to MultiPoint/Single Ion Calibration found on page 24 of the BWB Technologies Installation and Operation Manual, to measure potassium emission. Nebulise the working standard solutions and adjust the controls until steady zero and maximum readings are obtained. Nebulise the intermediate working standard solutions and construct a graph relating raw emission data (known as RAW in BWB the flame photometer) to concentration of all the standard solutions. Return to All Applications

Application Note Measurement of Sodium and Potassium in Cheese Return to All Applications AOAC International, ‘AOAC Official Method 990.23: Sodium and Potassium in Dried Milk’, AOAC International (2008), 33.5.12. Cheese was wet ashed with a combination of acid and a high temperature oven to form a dissolvable product ready for analysis via flame photometry Procedure Thoroughly clean and rinse all glassware with deionised distilled water prior to use. It is recommended that polyethylene is used to ensure that sodium does not plate out onto glassware surfaces. If only glass is available, the sodium determination was carried out rapidly. 1.25grams of cheese was accurately weighed out on a 5-figure analytical balance and recorded for backtracking the concentration to the sample size. The sample was then added to a crucible of appropriate size and 10ml of ~30% sulphuric acid. It was ensured that the crucible was less than half full with both the sample and acid added to avoid boiling sample being spilt as it was heated. The oven was heated to 600 degrees Celsius and the crucible was weighed on the 5-figure analytical balance. The crucible was then added to the oven and left to ash over the course of 2 hours. The sample was then reweighed and placed back into the oven for 5 minutes. The crucible was then weighed again, if the weight of the crucible has not changed from the previous weight then the sample was finished with the ashing process, if it had significantly changed the process was repeated until all combustible content of the sample had been removed. The ashed sample was then dissolved in 54ml of DI water with 1ml of 10% HCl. This was then filtered through a funnel and Whatman n.5 filter paper into a 100ml polyethylene volumetric flask and made up to 100ml with DI water. A minimum of 5 standards were produced with a concentration range of 0-100mg/l potassium and sodium, to each standard 10ml of ~30% sulphuric acid was added and 1ml 10% of HCl was added. (If the sample contained a higher concentration than these standards, the sample solution was further diluted to bring the concentration under 100mg/l.) The standard was calibrated starting with the lowest concentration standard, working up the concentration gradient over the 5 standards. If calcium determination was required there will be a certain amount of phosphate interference present, to negate this effect 10ml of 1gram per litre lanthanum chloride solution was dosed into all the samples and standards. Return to All Applications

Application Note Measurement of Na, K and Ca in Plant Extracts Return to All Applications The most important ions which naturally occur in plant tissues are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, sulphate and phosphate. A sample of 5 g of oven-dried plant material contains on average, 25 mg calcium, 9 mg magnesium, 80 mg potassium and 3 mg sodium. The recommended method for the measurement of calcium is to precipitate the calcium as an oxalate, the precipitate is then dissolved and measurement taken from the resulting solution. Sodium and potassium may be measured directly following an ashing procedure and the preparation of the solution. Procedure 5 g of oven-dried material is weighed into a wide silica basin and ashed at 4500°C for 1½ to 2 hours. The resulting ash is brought into solution by 10mL of 6M HCl and evaporated to dryness. 10 ml of 2M HCl is added to the residue and the basin is covered with a watch-glass and digested on a steam bath for 30 minutes. The surface of the watch glass is rinsed with deionised distilled water into the basin. The contents of the basin are filtered through a Schleicher & Schűll filter paper number 589 into a 250 ml volumetric flask and after washing and made up to the mark with DI water. (Schleicher & Schűll number 589 is an ashless quantitative paper for medium fine precipitates.) From this solution, 50 ml is taken for the direct determination of sodium and potassium. Procedure for Calcium Determination: The remainder of the above solution is used for the determination of calcium, as follows: The solution is heated to 80°C and a few drops of methyl red indicator solution is added, followed by 15 ml of saturated ammonium oxalate solution. Ammonia (15%) is added until the colour changes and the precipitate has dissolved. The solution is set aside overnight or put onto a steam bath for 2 hours. The solution is filtered through a Schleicher & Schűll filter paper number 589. The filter is washed with 15 ml of 3M HCl and finally with deionised water. Once the precipitate has dissolved, the solution is transferred to a 250mL volumetric flask and made up to volume with deionised distilled water and is ready for the determination of calcium. Preparation of Standard Graph Set the flame photometer in accordance to MultiPoint/Single Ion Calibration found on page 24 of the BWB Technologies Installation and Operation Manual, to measure potassium sodium and calcium emissions. Nebulise the working standard solutions and adjust the controls until a steady zero and maximum readings are obtained. Nebulise the intermediate working standard solutions and construct a graph relating raw emission data (known as RAW in BWB flame photometers) to concentration of all the standard solutions. Return to All Applications

Thanks for Subscribing to BWB News Updates We've sent you an note to confirm your email address was correct. If you weren't already subscribed, we've sent an email to the address you submitted with a confirmation link. Please check your email (& perhaps your junk folder) and click on the button to confirm your subscription. The Common Key Features of Our Flame Photometers To offer even further accuracy the majority of instruments across our model range enable up to 10 point calibration curves to be generated per element. This results in a highly accurate method of analysis given that most elements do not have a linear emission spectra, although this is certainly the claim from other manufacturers. Advanced Calibration Hover for more Highly accurate calibration curves can be generated with up to 10 points of calibration per element. Multi-Ion and Multi-Point standards can be used to further expedite your time to analysis. Our range of instruments are all derived from our award winning and best-selling base platform, the XP model. Our five element simultaneous detection system is revolutionary, enabling you to easily calibrate and analyse all five elements at the same time without changing filters. Simultaneous Detection & Display Hover for more Our simultaneous detection and display of all 5 elements drastically speeds up the sample throughput time and prevents operators from constant recalibration procedures. 'One of our top priorities is accessibility and convenience, for all of our international clients. That is why we have a minimalist interface with intuitive controls, and no complicated buttons or dials. Our keypads and FLASH capacitive touch displays were designed by user ergonomic experts, to help us provide the smoothest user experience. Intuitive Interface Hover for more 'With thousands of instruments in use around the world, ensuring accessibility for all is important to us. The BWB range offers easy to use LCD driven user prompts to help you have the best experience with your instrument. 'The BWB range of instruments incorporate a service and oil free compressor built into the system. Our design saves valuable lab space, and removes the issues that old, noisy, leak-prone oil compressors create. This drastically reduces interference and allows a strict control of air flow and known pressures, resulting in stable flame conditions and exceptional quality of result determination. Built-In Air Compressor Hover for more 'Our systems all have a service and oil free compressor, to prevent interferences, noise and footprint. 'Our PC software, included with every instrument, supports further work with your data. The reporting feature generates CSV and PDF reports for your analysed samples and calibration curves can be downloaded from the instrument and saved for later recall. Free PC Software Hover for more 'We offer free PC software that enables the user to create CSV and PDF reports and traceability. We understand that not all labs will have the availability of propane gas ready to use, although propane does offer some of the best results for flame photometry, the instrument can be used with butane or even natural gas without modification. Gas Selection Hover for more A specially developed built in gas regulator enabling the use of Propane, LPG, Butane or Natural Gas (Methane) as standard and with no user modification required. Boasting internal storage for up to 200 results, the instrument surpasses the outdated analogue counterparts that are still prevalent in the market. You can conveniently access the results when needed or easily transfer them to your PC for further use. Internal Results Storage Hover for more Utilise the instrument as a standalone device with no PC requirement. Up to 200 results can be stored within the internal memory. BWB Flame Photometers were designed from the ground up using the newest and most innovative technology to give the user unsurpassed levels of accuracy, usability and reliability; it's able to do all this while still significantly reducing analysis times. We are always improving our products to make sure that we keep ahead of the demanding needs of elemental analysis. Continuous Development Hover for more Our Flame Photometers are designed from the ground up from experts in the field and our continuous development nature ensures that instruments remain at the cutting edge year on year. We supply absolutely everything you'll need to start using our instruments straight out of the box. Calibration standards and basic labware enables the rapid creation of calibration standards. You can be running results within an hour of unboxing. Just Add Gas Hover for more We do not believe in hidden charges and additional accessories. To start using your award winning BWB instrument, all you need to do is 'Just Add Gas!'

Thanks for Sending Us a New Product Idea We've received your submission and will review it shortly. Many of previous product upgrades & new instruments have been conceived by our clients, so we really appreciate this kind of product feedback. However, please be aware that our response might not be immediate, depending on your location and our availability. We prioritise these requests though so we will be as quick as possible. The Common Key Features of Our Flame Photometers To offer even further accuracy the majority of instruments across our model range enable up to 10 point calibration curves to be generated per element. This results in a highly accurate method of analysis given that most elements do not have a linear emission spectra, although this is certainly the claim from other manufacturers. Advanced Calibration Hover for more Highly accurate calibration curves can be generated with up to 10 points of calibration per element. Multi-Ion and Multi-Point standards can be used to further expedite your time to analysis. Our range of instruments are all derived from our award winning and best-selling base platform, the XP model. Our five element simultaneous detection system is revolutionary, enabling you to easily calibrate and analyse all five elements at the same time without changing filters. Simultaneous Detection & Display Hover for more Our simultaneous detection and display of all 5 elements drastically speeds up the sample throughput time and prevents operators from constant recalibration procedures. 'One of our top priorities is accessibility and convenience, for all of our international clients. That is why we have a minimalist interface with intuitive controls, and no complicated buttons or dials. Our keypads and FLASH capacitive touch displays were designed by user ergonomic experts, to help us provide the smoothest user experience. Intuitive Interface Hover for more 'With thousands of instruments in use around the world, ensuring accessibility for all is important to us. The BWB range offers easy to use LCD driven user prompts to help you have the best experience with your instrument. 'The BWB range of instruments incorporate a service and oil free compressor built into the system. Our design saves valuable lab space, and removes the issues that old, noisy, leak-prone oil compressors create. This drastically reduces interference and allows a strict control of air flow and known pressures, resulting in stable flame conditions and exceptional quality of result determination. Built-In Air Compressor Hover for more 'Our systems all have a service and oil free compressor, to prevent interferences, noise and footprint. 'Our PC software, included with every instrument, supports further work with your data. The reporting feature generates CSV and PDF reports for your analysed samples and calibration curves can be downloaded from the instrument and saved for later recall. Free PC Software Hover for more 'We offer free PC software that enables the user to create CSV and PDF reports and traceability. We understand that not all labs will have the availability of propane gas ready to use, although propane does offer some of the best results for flame photometry, the instrument can be used with butane or even natural gas without modification. Gas Selection Hover for more A specially developed built in gas regulator enabling the use of Propane, LPG, Butane or Natural Gas (Methane) as standard and with no user modification required. Boasting internal storage for up to 200 results, the instrument surpasses the outdated analogue counterparts that are still prevalent in the market. You can conveniently access the results when needed or easily transfer them to your PC for further use. Internal Results Storage Hover for more Utilise the instrument as a standalone device with no PC requirement. Up to 200 results can be stored within the internal memory. BWB Flame Photometers were designed from the ground up using the newest and most innovative technology to give the user unsurpassed levels of accuracy, usability and reliability; it's able to do all this while still significantly reducing analysis times. We are always improving our products to make sure that we keep ahead of the demanding needs of elemental analysis. Continuous Development Hover for more Our Flame Photometers are designed from the ground up from experts in the field and our continuous development nature ensures that instruments remain at the cutting edge year on year. We supply absolutely everything you'll need to start using our instruments straight out of the box. Calibration standards and basic labware enables the rapid creation of calibration standards. You can be running results within an hour of unboxing. Just Add Gas Hover for more We do not believe in hidden charges and additional accessories. To start using your award winning BWB instrument, all you need to do is 'Just Add Gas!'

Application Note Measurement of Trace Elements in Biodiesel Return to All Applications British Standard, BS EN 14108:2003 ‘Fat and oil derivatives, Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).Determination of Potassium by Atomic Absorption spectrometry’, 2003, p.1 – 12.2. British Standard, BS EN 14109:2003 ‘Fat and oil derivatives, Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Determination of Sodium by Atomic Absorption spectrometry’, 2003, p.1 – 12. These methods are adapted from methods for the determination of sodium and potassium in fatty-acid methyl ester samples. The sample is diluted with an organic solvent (xylene, cyclohexane or petroleum ether) plus a stabiliser. The calibration standards which have a similar matrix to the prepared sample solutions, are prepared from sodium and potassium organometallic salts which are dissolved in a solution of xylene with a stabiliser. These European Standards specify a method for the determination of potassium of equal to or greater than 0.5 mg/kg and sodium level equal to or greater than 1 mg/kg. This method is applicable to fatty acid methyl esters intended to be added to mineral oil. Principle The vegetable oil methyl ester sample is diluted with a xylene solution and stabiliser. (Note: xylene can be replaced by cyclohexane or light petroleum in laboratories which are not authorised to use aromatic solvents.) Solutions The calibration solutions used are prepared from organometallic salts dissolved in a mixture of xylene and stabiliser (potassium) or stock oil (sodium). The addition of a stabiliser or stock oil to the calibration solutions is necessary in order to improve storage life and linearity of calibration. If possible all solutions should be kept in plastic, this is due to sodium plating out on the surface of glassware which will reduce the concentration and give an incorrect reading of sodium concentration. Procedure Potassium Preparation of Stabiliser Solution The stabiliser is supplied by CONOSTAN (CONOSTAN standard, CONOSTAN Division, Continental Oil Company, Ponca City, OK 74601, USA). The stabiliser solution is prepared by diluting 20 g of stabiliser with xylene to a total volume of 200 ml (100 g/l). Preparation of Sample Weigh to within 0.001g approximately 5.0g of the ester sample into a 50 ml volumetric flask using a polypropylene pipette, add to the flask 5.0 ml of the prepared stabiliser solution and dilute to volume with xylene. Preparation of Calibration Solutions Prepare calibration solutions having the following potassium concentrations: 0.1mg/l, 0.2mg/l, 0.3mg/l and 0.5mg/l. Using a variable volume pipette transfer 1.0ml, 2.0ml, 3.0ml and 5.0ml of the 5mg/l potassium solution to 50ml volumetric flasks. With a polypropylene pipette add to each flask 5 ml of the 100g/l solution of stabiliser in xylene and dilute to mark with xylene. Prepare the blank in the same manner without adding any potassium solution. Prepare the calibration solutions just prior to the measurement as the prepared solutions are not stable when stored. Sodium Preparation of Stock Oil Solution The Stock Oil 75 is supplied by CONOSTAN (CONOSTAN standard, CONOSTAN Division, Continental Oil Company, Ponca City, OK 74601, USA). The stock solution is prepared by diluting 40g of the oil with xylene to a total volume of 200ml (200 g/l). Weigh to within 0.001g approximately 5.0g of the ester sample into a 50ml volumetric flask using a polypropylene pipette and dilute to volume with xylene. Sample should be diluted with xylene by a factor of at least 25 to ensure comparison of diluted sample and standard is valid. Prepare calibration solutions having the following sodium concentrations: 0.3mg/l, 0.5mg/l and 1.0mg/l. Using a variable volume pipettes transfer 3.0ml, 5.0ml and 10.0ml of the 5mg/l sodium solution to 50 ml volumetric flasks. With a polypropylene pipette add to each flask 10 ml of the 200g/l solution of stock oil in xylene and dilute to mark with xylene. Prepare the blank in the same manner without adding any of the sodium solution. Preparation of Standard Graph Set the flame photometer in accordance to MultiPoint/Single Ion Calibration found on page 24 of the BWB Technologies Installation and Operation Manual, to measure potassium emission. Nebulise the working standard solutions and adjust the controls until steady zero and maximum readings are obtained. Nebulise the intermediate working standard solutions and construct a graph relating raw emission data (known as RAW in BWB the flame photometer) to concentration of all the standard solutions. Return to All Applications

Application Note Measurement of Lithium in Saliva Return to All Applications Verghese, A. et al, ‘Usefulness of Saliva Lithium Estimation’, Brit. J. Psychiat., (1977), 130, p. 148-150 The use of lithium carbonate for the treatment of bipolar disorders and depression is well established. However, for the treatment to be effective, it must be managed closely, to ensure the dose is maintained within the normal therapeutic range. Introduction The use of lithium carbonate for the treatment of bipolar disorders and depression is well established. However, for the treatment to be effective and safe, it must be managed carefully to ensure that the dosage is maintained in safe levels for the human body to handle. The serum level is often monitored via blood samples every 48 hours during the initial week of treatment, a comparative study showed that lithium concentrations in serum and saliva shows a high correlation (r= +0.88) The estimation of lithium in saliva at different periods of time also shows a good degree of stability which makes it a viable alternative to serum measurement in the management of lithium levels in patients. Methodology A solution of 6.25% trichloroacetic acid in DI water was prepared by dissolving 6.25 grams of TCA acid into 100ml of Di water. Using a 100ppm stock Lithium solution a range of standards were produced. To do this, 1ml, 5ml and 10ml of 100ppm stock solution were pipetted into polyethylene volumetric flasks. Then to each of the solutions 0.15625grams of TCA acid were added the volumetric flasks. A blank solution of DI water with 0.15625 grams TCA acid was also prepared. The sample was prepared by collecting a 5ml sample of the patient's saliva and it was mixed thoroughly with a magnetic stirrer bar and mixer block. A 0.5ml aliquot of this mixed saliva was added to a small sampling cup and then 2.5ml of the 6.25% TCA acid was added. This solution was then mixed thoroughly again and required no further dilution prior to the analysis. After turning on the flame photometer and allowing it 30 minutes to stabilise, the units of the photometer were set to ppm and then a multipoint/single ion calibration sequence was initiated. The ion was set to read Lithium and the blank solution was aspirated followed in increasing concentrations of the standards produced (1, 5 then 10ppm Lithium standards). The sample was then aspirated and results read from the photometer display. Return to All Applications

The BWB Li Flame Photometer A flame photometer for when accurate Lithium measurement is required. Features Specs In The Box Apps FAQs Features Multiple lithium detection channels focused for high accuracy lithium measurements Built-in air compressor Solutions and labware included User selectable decimal places Intuitive user interface for true ease of use Display prompts step by step operation Built-in air compressor Data sharing via pc link with BWB’s FP-PC app IQ, OQ, PQ web-based certification available BWB flame photometers have always been renowned for their accurate lithium measurement, this model is the most accurate so far. BWB Flame Photometers have always been renowned for a highly stable and accurate lithium measurement. This winning formula has been developed further with specific adaptation and optimisation of the proprietary BWB optical array detection systems. ​ A well earned thank you to Dr. Richard Roman of the University of Mississippi for his invaluable assistance on this Lithium specific FES. ​ The BWB Li uses multiple lithium detection channels. This latest configuration has been exclusively designed to specifications laid out through consultation with our customers. ​ The BWB Li is the first of it’s kind. Engineered with a single purpose, the BWB Li is the most accurate and advanced lithium flame photometer (FES) ever manufactured! Download Datasheet Find Your Sales Rep

About BWB Technologies The Flame Photometer Experts What can be achieved with a flame photometer has been redefined by BWB Technologies. On this page you can learn about our products, services and our world-beating service network. Pushing the boundaries of flame photometry With unrivalled accuracy, low cost and ease of use the BWB flame photometer is not only the best flame photometer available but is the first real alternative to AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry) and ICP (induced coupling plasma) for measuring Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca) & Barium (Ba). BWB Technologies are a UK owned and operated company focused on the design, manufacture and sales of award winning flame photometers. Drawing on an Anglo-American team of leading industry specialists we strive to create high quality, cost effective products that redefine what is achievable with a low temperature flame. From our manufacturing plant in Newbury, England, BWB Technologies have introduced a series of flame photometer products, and accessories, which exceed existing expectations in terms of specification, usability, accuracy, reporting, build quality and value for money. A flame photometer better than ICP and AAS? We were not content to build an instrument that was just better than the other flame photometers - the BWB flame photometer is a cost effective, accurate and reliable alternative to other technologies such as Inductively Coupled Plasma, (ICP) and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers (AAS). 80% of our customers already own an AAS or ICP, but choose to measure Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Barium with their BWB flame photometer rather than the more expensive and complex AAS or ICP. Spare parts and consumables - Fast Delivery and Fulfilment BWB hold almost all items in stock for super-fast delivery when our customers need it. While stock levels can fluctuate, under normal circumstances BWB will get the goods to you in 7-10 days. With offices in both the USA and Europe, no matter where you are - you can expect a first class service. BWB deliver your flame photometer as well as accessories and consumables quicker than any of our competitors. International Support Network BWB Technologies are the only flame photometer manufacturer to have dedicated sales and technical support offices in Europe, The Americas and the Middle East. We offer an unsurpassed level of support with a 24/7 support service and real people answering customer calls. BWB - Available to you. A BWB flame photometer is an important and necessary instrument in your laboratory and we pride ourselves on first class customer support. Our telephone service offers a prompt return of call, where you speak to a REAL person! Normally we can answer all questions at the first contact, but if we need to call you back we will try to do so within 24 hours.

The BWB SFP Flame Photometer 6-element flame photometry. Features Specs In The Box Apps FAQs Features Specially configured to suit your needs “IRS” (Internal Reference Standard) available Our non traditional 5th “Unit of Measure” allows the true innovation of units to display and link outbound via our FP-PC coupling to the inter or intra-net Simultaneous detection and display of any combination of all 5 atoms of interest Compatible with BWB AFHS Intuitive user interface for true ease of use Display prompts step by step operation Built-in air compressor Solutions and labware included Data sharing via PC link Operator independent determination of results 4 user selectable units of measure with a fifth optional unit of measure User selectable decimal places Integrated printer uses readily available paper from any high street office supply company Correction of Ca for the interference from high levels of Na The BWB flame photometer is a game-changer in what is possible with a low temperature flame - give us a call if you're looking for a something to perform specifically for your needs. The BWB flame photometer is a game-changer in what is possible with a low temperature flame and our product development program has, since day one, been driven by our customer’s demands. We have strong mutually beneficial partnerships within many commercial and academic organisations that faced specific challenges that were addressed by a BWB Special flame photometer. Currently we are measuring Na, K, Li, Ca, Cs and Ba and combinations of these detectors allow users to engage with BWB engineers to evolve an ideal instrument that caters to their specific needs. A case in point is a global supplier of ultra high purity Lithium ingots who operates thermal steam electricity power facilities, and uses exotic filtration methods to extract, among other detected ions, lithium. Our hybridized Custom BWB Flame Photometer has allowed them to augment their costly and exotic ICP and AAS instrumentation with our simple to use and exceptionally powerful instrument. Get in touch now and see how BWB can work with you to develop a BWB Special Flame Photometer specific to your needs. Presently we have formed a Strategic Alliance with a Major Oil and Gas Company and are co-developing a hybridized FES for online assistance in an exciting break-though technology for oil and natural gas production purposes. Download Datasheet Find Your Sales Rep

Unparalleled Support System After sales and other services as standard The only flame photometer manufacturer to have dedicated sales and technical support offices in Europe, the Americas and the Middle East. We offer an unsurpassed level of customer support with a 24/7 support service and real people answering calls. After Sales Support from BWB Technologies Number 1 for customer support We are proud to build award winning, market leading flame photometers, but our customer service does not stop after we make a sale. We provide support to our customers and distributors which is second to none! Support in Europe, America and the Middle East BWB are a UK company but wherever you are based, we can offer fast, efficient and advanced global support directly or through our network of certified distributors. Expert advice from technical specialists Unlike most of our competitors, we only sell direct, or through local distributors who have demonstrated that they can answer your questions quickly and accurately. Deal direct, not with a catalogue house If you buy from BWB you are dealing direct or through a technical distributor. Unlike catalogue companies with thousands of products and no skilled staff, BWB have people who know our product and are here to help you! Extensive internet knowledge base and video library With over 100 articles for you to read online now, www.bwbtech.com is a valuable source of information both before and after you purchase your flame photometer. All of our technical articles feature a link to send feedback or ask questions to our technical staff. IQ - Installation Qualification The installation qualification covers in detail the key steps required to correctly set up the BWB range of photometers and Auto Fluid Handling System. IQ stages include: maintenance and service plans, the installation environment and health and safety requirements. The documentation pack provided gives a complete historical overview of the equipment's purchase and installation, with each process being signed off by the operator / installation engineer. This is a key must have for large corporations and good laboratory practices. The operation qualification covers the steps required to ensure that the BWB flame photometer and AFHS are operating correctly. The user will undertake a series of hardware checks and test readings, providing the results to BWB for analysis. OQ - Operational Qualification The performance qualification has been designed to ensure that the instruments perform to the original factory specifications. PQ - Performance Qualification Once the IQ and OQ sections have been completed, the user runs a sample manually or using AFHS with the provided solutions, prints out the results and sends to BWB for analysis.After completion of the qualification and confirmation from BWB, a signed certificate will be issued to the user.IQ OQ PQ is a unique and effective program built to ensure technical ability, confidence and peace of mind for all users of the BWB 2015 and onwards Series of Flame Photometers and Auto Fluid Handling Systems. Upon completion and submission of the documentation pack and results from the PQ testing, certification is provided by BWB Technologies. The label provided within the kit can be dated and have the certificate number filled in to provide a local aid and reference point for operators and lab managers to clarify the equipment is in date and ready to use. IQ OQ PQ Certification The IQ OQ PQ programme has been specially created to ensure the end user has the technical knowledge and after sales support required to install and initialise their BWB Flame Photometer and the technical know-how and confidence to operate any of our 2015 and later range of flame photometers correctly and efficiently on a daily basis. Novel to BWB, our IQ OQ PQ Certification is run completely remote and online Get In Touch to Learn More Certificate of Analysis & MSDS Here you can download Certificates of Analysis (COAs) or Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for our range of calibration standards and fluids that go with your Flame Photometer. For a COA, enter your batch number below or, for an MSDS, enter the part number displayed on the bottle. Start Search Please Wait... SORRY, THAT DIDN'T MATCH OUR RECORDS. PLEASE CHECK AGAIN. IF YOU CONTINUE TO HAVE TROUBLE PLEASE CONTACT US. Extended Warranty Options All BWB Technologies products are exceptionally reliable and well made. We are confident you will have many years of trouble-free service from your BWB flame photometer. However, there is always a risk with any high-tech instrumentation, that you will need technical assistance at some point over the product's lifetime. Normally, if you require assistance, potential problems can be addressed quickly and easily via our e-mail support service. In the unlikely event that your flame photometer is not performing as expected, our technical support team are ready to help diagnose and resolve the problem as fast as possible. All our instruments are supplied with a standard 1 year back-to-base warranty. However if your BWB instrument is critical to your organisation we offer an upgrade to a premium warranty service at any point after your purchase. After the first 12 months of ownership you have the opportunity to purchase an ongoing support contract which is renewed on an annual basis. This offers complete protection and piece of mind for your investment in a BWB flame photometer. Warranty Registration Discount Offer Upon submitting a warranty registration, we'll then give you a 50% discount on your first purchase of a XP calibration kit to then use with your Flame Photometer. Register Warranty

Contact the experts today about your Flame Photometer needs and we will do our best to get back to you within 24 hours –normally we're a lot faster than that though! Contact Us Contact Details Phone Europe: USA: Middle East: +44 1787 273 451 +1 (800) 608-9870 +357 22666080 WhatsApp Chat on WhatsApp or add +44 7496867237 manually in the WhatsApp app. Registered Address 7 Galloway Centre, Newbury, Berkshire, RG14 5TL, United Kingdom Contact Form By submitting this form you agree to our privacy policy and understand that your details will be shared with our authorised distributor for your region. Our privacy policy can be viewed here . First name Last name Email Phone Company / Organisation Country Select your Country How can we help? Please occasionally keep me updated on BWB Technologies news Submit Thanks for you enquiry...we'll get back to you as fast as we can.

Application Note Measurement of Calcium in Serum & Urine Return to All Applications Thiers, R. and Hviid, K., ‘Interference-free Photometry of Calcium in Serum and Urine’, Clin.Chem., 8, (1962), p. 35-46. This method reduces or removes potential interference from sodium, potassium and phosphates normally present in serum and urine by diluting the samples with a diluent containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Principle An EDTA solution is prepared to negate the interference of competing ionic species during the determination of Calcium / Sodium / Potassium via flame photometry. To negate the formation of Calcium Phosphate in the samples which impedes the emission of calcium ions in solution, 1000mg/L solution is added due to its higher binding potential with phosphates present in serum and urine. Reagents An EDTA Stock solution was prepared with 58.4grams of EDTA being diluted into 400mls of DI water. To this solution small aliquots of Ammonium Hydroxide were added and the pH of the solution was tested with a pH probe until additions brought the pH of the solution to 8.0. This solution was then filtered into a 1L volumetric flask through Whatman N.5 Filter paper and diluted to 1L with DI water. A range of standards were then formed in 5 volumetric flasks with the following ionic concentrations: Na(mMol/L) 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 K(mMol/L) 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 Ca(mMol/L) 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 In addition to these calibration ions, 0.75mMol/L Mg was maintained throughout each standards if measuring blood and 0.125mg/L Mg if measuring urine, with 1ml of 1000mg/L Lanthanum Chloride solution being added to account for its addition to each sample. Procedure 2ml of the sample be that of serum or urine was placed into a polyethylene volumetric flask. To this volumetric flask 1ml of 1000mg/L Lanthanum Chloride solution was added then the solution was diluted to 100ml with the EDTA solution to dilute the sample fiftyfold. The volumetric flask was then mixed via inversion. The solution was then labelled and placed aside whilst the flame photometer is calibrated. The flame photometer was switched on and allowed to stabilise for 45 minutes prior to calibration. The standard solutions prepared were then aspirated in accordance to the guidelines set out on the MultiPoint/Multi Ion guidelines set out in the BWB-Tech Installation and Operation manual. To avoid high concentration residue affecting the calibration series, all of the lowest concentration ions were calibrated initially (eg Calibrating all of the low concentration standards ions before moving up to the next calibration solution). The flame photometer was then set to read mode and the sample was aspirated; the result of this determination was multiplied by 50 to account for the 50-fold dilution carried out in the sample preparation step of this methodology. Return to All Applications

Protecting the Environment Making Our Blue More Green We aim to help reduce our carbon footprint one Flame Photometer at a time. That’s why we have a number of different practices in place to make sure that our products and core business structure is as environmentally friendly as possible. Our Green Goals Using LED lighting with efficient heating systems across our manufacturing facility. ​ Utilising only 'green' energy suppliers our electricity is supplied from 100% renewable sources and our natural gas consumption is 100% carbon neutral. Environmentally friendly packaging created from pre-recycled content or utilising materials that can be easily recycled across the globe. ​​ The use of paper based packaging tape to reduce our plastic consumption and allow our cardboard boxes to be easily recycled.​​ Product design considerations such as recyclability and life cycle assessments are taken into account at the development phase of our new products. PDF To view our detailed environment policy, click here (opens in new tab). BWB's Tree Planting Promise We're proud to be the first flame photometer manufacturer to plant trees for every instrument sold. We're committing to planting trees for every model of flame photometer we sell from 01 May 2021. In addition we have an ultimate goal to plant 1000 trees for every company employee by 2025. In House Recycling Scheme We have our own in house recycling scheme for factory generated waste to ensure that our employees and the company are doing all we can to help protect and preserve the environment. United Nations 17 Goals In 2005, World Leaders agreed to 17 global goals. Seven years on, we have made progress, but there is still work to be done, and the Goals are more important than ever. At BWB Technologies, we're making meeting as many of these sustainability development goals a key priority for us in our commitment to protect the environment. We have adapted our processes and products to meet the following goals: Goal 7: Affordable & Clean Energy Ensuring we use energy suppliers that produce electricity from renewable sources and carbon neutral natural gas. In addition to LED lighting used throughout the manufacturing facility and office spaces. Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities We encourage our employees to use public or self propelled transport where safe to do so and provide secure housed facilities for the storage of pedal bikes and scooters during the working day. Goal 13: Climate action We've selected our courier and freight agents very carefully to ensure they have long term commitments to the protection of our planet. Our goods delivered through our selected courier are carbon neutral. Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production Working with waste management companies we recycle cardboard, paper, plastic and aluminium. Our outwards goods packaging is either produced from recycled content or is easily recycled. Goal 8: Decent work and economical growth We believe in apprenticeships for the training and education of young people and support those where available within the business. We continue to support local youth organisations and further education courses through our voluntary positions in the local community. Goal 15: Life on Land We're committed to fighting deforestation by funding the planting of 1000 trees for every company employee by 2025. We're also proud to be the worlds first flame photometer manufacturer planting trees for every instrument sold.

Our Products BWB Technologies' flame photometer range consistently pushes the boundaries of low temperature flame photometry. Our flame photometers are used for measuring lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and barium. Each instrument is created specifically for your exact requirements and with the latest technology. This page is the best way to get a comparison between each model, however a simple Product Comparison table is also available here. Our newest flame photometry platform Finally, a flame photometer specific to your needs. The first simultaneous flame photometer with built in compressor and configurable element analysis to your requirements. View Details FLASH Our award winning 5 channel instrument Since 2006 the BWB XP has been the company's flagship model and is used by delighted customers around the world. View Details XP An extension of our award winning XP flame photometer. Growing on the award winning XP platform, the XP Plus brings together the great benefits found in our range of industry specific instruments. View Details XP PLUS Our flagship photometer for biological applications. A specialist flame photometer for use with biological samples and special built in features for the analysis of blood and urine. View Details BIO Flame photometry for biological applications. An offshoot of the BWB BIO with specialised hardware software and firmware built into the instrumentation. View Details BIO AV Elemental analysis for synthetic fuel and bio-fuel production. Reliable and accurate analysis of all four atoms of interest to the synthetic and bio fuel production lines. View Details SYNFUELS Flame photometry for nuclear power plants An online, four channel detection system, designed for monitoring applications in nuclear power plants. View Details NUCLEAR Elemental analysis for sugar production lines. Optimised flame photometry for sodium & potassium in the sugar refining industry. View Details SUGAR The first flame photometer optimised for the agricultural industry. Highly accurate and cost effective soil analysis designed to be used in the lab or 'on the road'. View Details SOIL A flame photometer for when accurate Lithium measurement is required. BWB flame photometers have always been renowned for their accurate lithium measurement, this model is the most accurate so far. View Details LITHIUM 6-element flame photometry. The BWB flame photometer is a game-changer in what is possible with a low temperature flame - give us a call if you're looking for a something to perform specifically for your needs. View Details SFP BWB's highly automated flame photometry platform for industrial applications. BWB's simple, robust & reliable Automated Fluid Handling System (AFHS) paired with the acclaimed XP flame photometer. View Details AFHS + XP BWB's highly automated flame photometry platform for biological applications. BWB's simple, robust & reliable Automated Fluid Handling System (AFHS) paired with our BIO flame photometer. View Details AFHS + BIO Product Selector Select the elements and other filters that are of interest to you, to filter the products shown below. BWB Technologies is renowned for our commitment to excellence. We design and manufacture the latest specification Flame Photometer instrumentation on the market, with high levels of accuracy and reliability, at a cost effective price. Manufactured in the United Kingdom, quality is our top priority and each series of flame photometer products exceed expectations in terms of specification. Click to read more... Show All Products Categories Shown Show Flame Photometers Show Automation Solutions Send us your needs Too Many Options? Let us help you select the most appropriate model for your requirements. Request Comparison Sheet Need to Compare? Download our Product Comparison Sheet.

Application Note Measurement of Potassium and Sodium in Bread Return to All Applications Bread contributes about one-sixth of daily salt intake and is used to improve flavour and texture. The amount of sodium in bread can differ significantly, depending upon brand and type of grain used, ranging from 592mg/100g to 748mg/100g. The level of sodium in bread is primarily due to the amount of salt added to the dough during manufacture. The amount of potassium is determined by the type of flour and the washing and bleaching operations during cereal processing. Bread does not make a significant contribution to maximum daily requirements for potassium. Method followed for this analysis is AOAC Official Method 990.23 (refer to BWB Method number 20). Procedure All solutions are prepared using deionised distilled water. The sample was heated at 60 degrees centigrade overnight to dryness. The dried sample is then ground and homogenised in a suitable grinder. The test portion and crucible are weighed and dry ashed in an open inert vessel such as a crucible for 2 hours, then reweighed after ashing and placed back into the oven for 10 minutes. The sample was then reweighed and the process repeated until no change in weight was measured over the 10-minute span. This ensured that all of the combustible products present were removed. Transfer the dried test sample to an airtight container of a capacity of about twice the test portion size. Close the container and mix the sample thoroughly via inversion. Weigh sample to nearest 1mg, add a 1.25g portion of the sample into 50ml polypropylene beaker. Dissolve sample into approximately 20ml warm DI water while mixing. Quantitatively transfer contents to a volumetric flask and made up to volume. Alternatively, a steam bath can be used to aid dissolution. Stock solutions are then made up of potassium and sodium; it is recommended that a single point calibration is carried out prior to examination to determine a rough estimated range in which the sample will fall. Once this expected sample concentration is determined, at minimum 5 standard solutions should be produced for calibration of the instrument. After calibration the sample can then be aspirated into the flame photometer, to decrease the likelihood of random errors, multiple repeats of the same samples should be aspirated. To obtain the concentration of sodium and potassium in the sample, it should be noted that a dilution step has been performed. The result of this experimental procedure is a value of concentration when dry ashed sample is diluted in 20ml water. Preparation of Standard Graph Set the flame photometer in accordance to MultiPoint/Single Ion Calibration found on page 24 of the BWB Technologies Installation and Operation Manual, to measure potassium emission. Nebulise the working standard solutions and adjust the controls until steady zero and maximum readings are obtained. Nebulise the intermediate working standard solutions and construct a graph relating raw emission data (known as RAW in BWB the flame photometer) to concentration of all the standard solutions. Return to All Applications

Application Note Measurement of Lithium in Minerals Return to All Applications Kassner, J.L., et al, ‘Flame Spectrophotometric Determination of Lithium in Lithium Minerals’, Anal. Chem, 32 (1960), p.1151-1153. This method has been adapted to enable measurement of lithium over a wide range of concentrations (0.10 to >8.0%), in lithium containing materials. The sample is decomposed using a mixture of nitric, hydrofluoric* and perchloric acids. The effect of interfering ions (principally ferric, chromic and aluminium) is eliminated by buffering the sample solution within the pH range 1 to 4, using a citric acid-ammonium citrate buffer. Procedure All solutions are prepared using deionised distilled water. Buffer Solution A solution containing 1M of citric acid and 1M ammonium citrate was prepared, having a pH of 3.7. The buffer solution was boiled for 30 minutes and stored refrigerated in order to prolong its shelf life and inhibit microbial growth. Standard Solutions Ranging in concentration from 0.5 to 50.0ppm, or appropriate to sample concentration, were prepared from a standard stock solution, using appropriate aliquots to a 250ml volumetric flask to which 25ml of the citric acid-ammonium citrate buffer has been added. Preparation of sample A sample containing approximately 10 to 20mg of lithium oxide is decomposed in a platinum dish by treating it with a mixture of 10ml of concentrated nitric acid, 10ml of 48% hydrofluoric acid* and 5ml of 62% perchloric acid. The solution is evaporated at low temperature on a hot plate until fuming, within a well ventilated fume hood. The platinum dish is removed from heat source and allowed to cool. A 5ml aliquot of hydrofluoric acid* is added to the residue and allowed to stand for approximately 30 minutes and then evaporated to fuming, near dryness. The addition of hydrofluoric acid and subsequent evaporation is repeated twice more or until the silica appears to be volatilised. After fourth evaporation, the sample is allowed to fume to near dryness, but not baked. Sufficient perchloric acid is left in the residue to allow dissolution with the addition of water. After the dish has cooled, 30 to 40ml of deionised water is slowly added and the mixture is gently warmed until the residue has dissolved. The solution is allowed to cool and quantitatively transferred to a 250ml volumetric flask containing 25ml of 1M citric acid-ammonium citrate buffer and diluted to volume. The prepared solutions were measured under the same conditions as the standard solutions. *Hydrofluoric acid is extremely corrosive and is a contact poison. It should be handled with extreme care and used only by personnel trained in appropriate safety procedures. Return to All Applications

BWB News & Blog Product releases, developments, offers. Stay up to date with them all here. ​ Why not subscribe and get our latest news straight to your email box? Subscribe Filter Blog Posts: While this article is not intended as a biology lesson, the use of flame photometers in the biological sciences is of paramount... Read More Flame Photometer & Bodily Fluids: What can it teach us? It would be nice if body scanners and handheld medical tricorders from Star Trek existed. Indeed, something similar is already in... Read More Flame Photometer Samples: Preparing for efficiency and speed Just about every student that ever sat in a chemistry class where they conducted practical experiments has had occasion to put a lump of... Read More Flame Photometer Functions: What do Flame Photometers do? The best equipment in the world is useless without calibration. Much has been done by BWB to automate the process with Flame Photometers... Read More The Role of Standard Solutions: Making your Flame Photometer Accurate Using four basic components, a flame, nebuliser and mixing chamber, selective filters, and photo detectors, our Flame Photometers... Read More Flame photometry and the food industry BWB Technologies' flame photometer range consistently pushes the boundaries of low temperature flame photometry and 2023 has been no... Read More A look back at 2023 By Hozan Edwards As a global company with offices in Europe, America and the Middle East, BWB is committed to remaining at the cutting... Read More A new brand built to truly reflect who BWB is today Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES), or Flame Photometry, as it is more commonly known, has a surprisingly large range of uses. Most... Read More Flame Photometer Uses: It’s a broader range than you think Flame Photometers and Spectrophotometers are both analytical instruments used in the process of chemical analysis. They differ... Read More Flame Photometer or Spectrophotometer: What is the difference? A flame photometer is an instrument used to measure the concentration of certain specific elements in a sample. This is based on the... Read More Flame Photometer Nebuliser: What is it and how does it work? Introduction: In the realm of analytical chemistry, flame photometry stands tall as a reliable and widely-used technique for determining... Read More Why Flame Photometer Calibration is so Important Safety is a vital part of any laboratory task. College and University graduates, in any profession which includes lab-work, know basic... Read More Flame Photometer Safety: You are Breathing What You Test In various scientific fields, particularly in analytical chemistry and biology, researchers often encounter the terms LOD and LOQ. These... Read More Understanding LOD and LOQ: Limits of Detection and Quantification If you’ve ever gone camping, built a fire, and tossed in one of those coloured-flame-generating cubes, you’re already halfway to... Read More The Flame Photometer: How It Works BWB Technologies Ltd (BWB), a leading provider of cutting-edge Flame photometers proudly announces its association with the Prompt... Read More BWB Technologies Ltd Celebrates Association with the Prompt Payment Code! Combustion, a widely known chemical reaction, is a process of releasing energy through the use of diatomic oxygen. This exothermic... Read More Combustion and its Role in Flame Photometry: A Comprehensive Overview